% command running in foreground (interactive) % command >file redirects stdout to file % command 2>err_file redirects stderr to err_file % command >file 2>&1 redirects both stdout and stderr on file % (command > f1) 2>f2 send stdout on f1, stderr on f2 % command >>file appends stdout to file % command <file redirects stdin from file % command << text Read standard input uo to line identical to text % command1 | command2 redirects stdout from command1 into stdin of command2 via a pipe Ex : du ~ | sort -nr | head % command | tee f1 f2 ... The output of command is sent on stdout and copied into f1, f2, ... % command& running in background % nohup command& running in background even after log out % set -o monitor to have a message when a background job ends stderr : to print on it in a script, use the option -u2 in command print
# Warning : no blank before of after the = sign
# Integers :
n=100 ; x=&n
integer t
typeset -r roues=4 # definition of a CONSTANT (read only)
typeset -i2 x # declares x as binary integer
typeset -i8 y # declares y as octal integer
typeset -i16 z #guess what ?
# Strings :
lettre="Q" ; mot="elephant"
phrase="Hello, word"
print "n=$n ; lettre=$lettre ; mot=$mot ;
phrase=$phrase"
typeset -r nom="JMB" # string constant
#Arrays : one dimensional arrays of integers or strings
#automatically dimensionned to 1024
animal[0]="dog" ;
animal[1]="horse" ; animal[3]="donkey"
set -A flower tulip gardenia " " rose
print ${animal[*]}
print ${flower[@]}
print "cell#1 content : ${flower[1]}
+------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| Wild card | matches |
+------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
|? | any single char |
|[char1char2... charN] | any single char from the specified list |
|[!char1char2... charN] | any single char other than one from the |
| | specified list |
| [char1-charN] | any char between char1 and charN inclusive |
| [!char1-charN] | any char other than between char1 and charN |
| | inclusive |
| * | any char or any group of char (including none) |
| ?(pat1|pat2...|patN) | zero or one of the specified patterns |
| @(pat1|pat2...|patN) | exactly one of the specified patterns |
| *(pat1|pat2...|patN) | zero, one or more of the specified patterns |
| +(pat1|pat2...|patN) | one or more of the specified patterns |
| !(pat1|pat2...|patN) | any pattern except one of the specif. patterns |
+------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
Tilde Expansion :
~ your home directory (ls ~)
~frenkiel home directory of another user
~+ absolute pathname of the working directory
~- previous directory
(cd ~-) ( or cd -)
<ctrl_c> Cancel the currently running process (foreground)
<ctrl_z> Suspend the currently running process
then : > bg : to send it in background
or > fg : continue in foreground
or > kill -option : sends signals (such as TERMINATE)
ex > kill -9 pid : to kill a background job
kill -l : to find out all the signals supported by your system.
< ctrl_d> End of file character
$ stty to see what are the KILL & <EOF>characters
To export a variable :+-----------------------------------------------+-----------------------+ | environmental characteristic | child inherit this ? | +-----------------------------------------------+-----------------------+ | parent's access rights to files, directories | yes | | the files that parent has opened | yes | | parent's ressource limits (type ulimit) | yes | | parent's response to signal | yes | | aliases defined by parent | NO (expect opt -x) | | functions defined by parent | if exported (*) | | variables defined by parent | if exported (*) | | KornShell variables (except IFS) | if exported (*) | | KornShell variable IFS | if NOT exported | | parent's option settings (type set -o) | no | +-----------------------------------------------+-----------------------+ (*) Not needed if a 'set -o allexport' statement has told the KornShell to export all these variables and functions
$ export LPDEST=pshpa
$ echo $LPDEST ---> pshpa
$ echo LPDEST ---> LPDEST
$ ficus.ksh # invoke this script as a regular script.
$ . ficus.fsh # invoke the same script as a dot script.
$ alias del='rm -i' # whenever you type 'del', it's replace by 'rm -i'
$ alias # to see a list of all aliases
$ unalias del # remove an alias
-
/etc/profile
- $HOME/.profile
Use this file to :
- set & export values of variables
- set options such as ignoreeof that you want to apply to your
login shell only
- specify a script to execute when yu log out
Example :
set -o allexport # export all variables
PATH=.:/bin:/usr/bin:$HOME/bin # define command search path
CDPATH=.:$HOME:$HOME/games # define search path for cd
FPATH=$HOME/mathlib:/usr/funcs # define path for autoload
PS1='! $PWD> ' # define primary prompt
PS2='Line continues here> ' # define secondary prompt
HISTSIZE=100 # define size of history file
ENV=$HOME/.kshrc # pathname of environment script
TMOUT=0 # KornShell won't be timed out
VISUAL=vi # make vi the comm. line editor
set +o allexport # turn off allexport feature
- script whose name is hold in the KornShell variable ENV
Use this file to :
- define aliases & functions that apply for interactive use only
- set default options that you want to apply to all ksh invocations
- set variables that you want to apply to the current ksh invoc.
Example :
# The information in this region will be accessible to the KornShell
# command line and scripts.
alias -x disk='du' # -x makes alias accessible to scripts
case $- in *i*) # Here you are NOT in a script
alias copy='cp';;
esac
+-----------+-----------------------------------+-------------------+------+
| Variable | What this variable holds | Default | Who |
| | | | sets |
+-----------+-----------------------------------+-------------------+------+
| CDPATH | directories that cd searches | none | U |
| COLUMNS | terminal width | 80 | SA |
| EDITOR | pathname of command line editor | /bin/ed | U,SA |
| ENV | pathname of startup script | none | U,SA |
| ERRNO | error number of most recently | none | KSH |
| | failed system call | | |
| FCEDIT | pathname of history file editor | /bin/ed | U,SA |
| FPATH | path of autoload functions | none | U |
| HISTFILE | pathname of history file |$HOME/.sh_history | U,SA |
| HISTFILE | nb of command in history file | 128 | U,SA |
| HOME | login directory | none | SA |
| IFS | set of token delimiters | white space | U |
| LINENO | current line number within | none | KSH |
| | script or function | | |
| LINES | terminal height | 24 | SA |
| LOGNAME | user name | none | SA |
| MAIL | patname of master mail file | none | SA |
| MAILCHECK | mail checking frequency | 600 seconds | U,SA |
| MAILPATH | pathnames of master mail files | none | SA |
| OLDPWD | previous current directory | none | KSH |
| OPTARG | name of argument to a switch | none | KSH |
| OPTIND | option's ordinal position on | none | KSH |
| | command line | | |
| PATH | command search directories | /bin:/usr/bin | U,SA |
| PPID | PID of parent | none | KSH |
| PS1 | command line prompt | $ | U |
| PS2 | prompt for commands that | > | U |
| | extends more than 1 line | | |
| PS3 | prompt of 'select' statements | #? | U |
| PS4 | debug mode prompt | + | U |
| PWD | current directory | none | U |
| RANDOM | random integer | none | KSH |
| REPLY | input repository | none | KSH |
| SECONDS | nb of seconds since KornShell | none | KSH |
| | was invoked | | |
| SHELL | executed shell (sh, csh, ksh) | none | SA |
| TERM | type of terminal you're using | none | SA |
| TMOUT | turn off (timeout) an unused | 0 (unlimited) | KSH |
| | KornShell | | |
| VISUAL | command line editor | /bin/ed | U,SA |
| $ | PID of current process | none | KSH |
| ! | PID of the background process | none | KSH |
| ? | last command exit status | none | KSH |
| _ | miscellaneous data | none | KSH |
+-----------+-----------------------------------+-------------------+------+
| Variable | What this variable holds | Default | Who |
| | | | sets |
+-----------+-----------------------------------+-------------------+------+
Where U : User sets this variable
SA : system administrator
KSH: KornShell
$ typeset -x # list of exported variables
$ typeset -fx # list of exported functions
$ set
> man command
Ex: > man man
> man -k keyword list of commands related to this keyword
> apropos keyword locates commands by keyword lookup
> whatis command brief command description
> ls [opt]
-a list hidden files
-d list the name of the current directory
-F show directories with a trailing '/' executable files with a trailing '*'
-g show group ownership of file in long listing
-i print the inode number of each file
-l long listing giving details about files and directories
-R list all subdirectories encountered
-t sort by time modified instead of name
> mkdir dir_name
> rmdir dir_name (directory must be empty)
> cd pathname
> cd
> cd ~tristram
> cd - # return to the previous working directory
> pwd # display the path name of the working directory
> diff f1 f2 text files comparison
> sdiff f1 f2 idem in 2 columns
> diff dir1 dir2 directory comparison
> cmp f1 f2 for binary files
> file filename determine file type
> comm f1 f2 compare lines common to 2 sorted files
user group others
rwx rwx rwx 4 2 1
> ls -l display access permission
> chmod 754 file change access (rwx r-x r--)
> chmod u+x file1 gives yourself permition to execute file1
> chmod g+re file2 gives read and execute permissions for group members
> chmod a+r *.pub gives read permition to everyone
> umask 002 (default permissions : inverse) removes write permission
for other in this example
> groups username to find out which group 'username' belongs to
> ls -gl list the group ownwership of the files
> chgrp group_name file/directory_name change the group ownwership
> cp [-opt] source destination
> cp source path_to_destination copy a file into another
> cp *.txt dir_name copy a file to another directory
> cp -r dir1 dir2 copy several files into a directory
> cat fil1 fil2 > fil3 concatenates fil1 and fil2, and places the result in fil3
> rm [opt] filename
> rm -r dir_name
> rmdir dirname
> mv [opt] file1 file2
> mv [opt] dir1 dir2
> mv [opt] file dir
> cat file1 file2 ... print all files on stdout
> more file print 'file' on stdout, pausing at each end of page
> pg file idem, with more options
> od file octal dump for a binary file
> tail file list the end of a file (last lines)
> tail -n file idem for the last n lines
> tail -f file idem, but read repeatedly in case the file grows
> tail +n file read the fisrt n lines of 'file'
> head give first few lines
> ln [-opt] source linkname
The 2 names (source & linkname) address the same
file or directory
> ln part1.txt ../helpdata/sect1 /public/helpdoc/part1
This links part1.txt to ../helpdata/sect1 and
/public/helpdoc/part1.
> ln -s sdir/file . makes a symbolic link between 'file' in the
subdirectory 'sdir' to the filename 'file'
in the current directory
> ln ~sandra/prog.c . To make a link to a file in another user's home
directory
> ln -s directory_name(s) directory_name
To link one or more directories to another dir.
> ln -s $HOME/accounts/may.
To link a directory into your current directory
Examples :
> ln -s /net/cdfap2/user/jmb cdfap2
> ln -s ~frenkiel/cdf/man/manuel pfmanuel
> cc C compiler
> f77 Fortran compiler
> ar archive & library maintainer
> ld link editor
> dbx symbolic debugger
Examples :
> cc hello.c executable : a.out
> f77 hello.f idem
> cc main.c func1.c func2.c sevaral files
> cc hello.c -o hello redefine the executable name
> cc -c func1.c compilation only, then :
> cc main.c func1.o -o prog
> nohup command run a command immune to hangups, logouts,
and quits
> at, batch execute commands at a later time (see 'man at')
> jobs [-lp] [job_name] Display informations about jobs
> kill -l Display signal numbers ans names
> kill [-signal] job... Send a signal to the specified jobs
> wait [job...] Wait for the specified jobs to terminate
(or for all child processes if no argument)
> ps List executing processes
> who [am i] lists names of users currently logged in
> rwho idem for all machines on the local network
> w idem + what they are doing
> whoami your userid
> groups names of the groups you belong to
> hostname name of the host currently connected
> finger names of users, locally or remotly logged in
> finger name information about this user
> finger name@cdfhp3
> mail electronic mail
> grep searching strings in files
> sleep sleep for a given amount of time (shell scripts)
> sort sort items in a file
> touch change the modification time of a file
> tar compress all files in a directory (and its
subdirectories) into one file
> type tells you where a command is located (or what it is an
alias for)
> find pathname -name "name" -print
sreach recursively from pathename for "name". "name" can
contain wild chars.
> findw string search recursively for filenames containing 'string'
> file fich tries to guess the type of 'fich' (wild chars allowed)
> passwd changing Pass Word
> sh -x command Debugging a shell script
> echo $SHELL Finding out which shell you are using
/.../sh Bourne shell
/.../csh C shell
/.../tcsh TC shell
/.../ksh Korn shell
/.../bash Bourne Again SHell
> df gives a list of available disk space
> du gives disk space used by the current directory and all
its subdirectories
> time command execute 'command' and then, gives the elapse time
> ruptime gives the status of all machines on the local network
> telnet host for remote login
> rlogin host idem for machines running UNIX
> stty set terminal I/O options
(without args or with -a, list current settings)
> tty, pty get the name of the terminal
> write user_name send a message (end by < ctrl_d --> to a logged user
> msg y enable message reception
> msg n disable message recpt.
> mes status of mes. recept.
> wall idem write, but for all logged users.
> date display date and time on standard output
> ulimit set or display system ressource limits
> whence command find pathname corresponding to 'command'
> whence -vname gives the type of 'name' (built-in, alias, files ...)
> tee [-a] file reads standard input, writes to standard output and
file. Appends to 'file' if option -a
> wc file counts lines, words and chars in 'file'
/bin
/usr/bin
/usr/ucb
/usr/local/bin
> history
> history 166 168 # list commands 166 through 168
> history -r 166 168 # idem in reverse order
> history -2 # list previous 2 commands
> history set # list commands from most recent set command
> r # repeat last command
> r cc # repeat most recent command starting with cc
> r foo=bar cc # idem, changing 'foo' to 'bar'
> r 215 # repeat command 215
> r math.c=cond.c 214 # repeat command 214, but substitute cond.c
# for math.c
Put the following line inside a KornShell login script :
FCEDIT=vi; export FCEDIT
$ set -o emacs
> fc [-e editor] [-nlr] [first [last]]
* display (-l) commands from history file
* Edit and re-execute previous commands (FCEDIT if no -e).
'last' and 'first' can be numbers or strings
$ fc # edit a copy of last command
$ fc 271 # edit, then re-execute command number 271
$ fc 270 272 # group command 270, 271 & 272, edit, re-execute
/bin/csh C shell (C like command syntax)
/bin/sh Bourne shell (the oldest one)
/bin/ksh Korn shell (variant of the previous one)
+ public domain (tcsh, bash, ...)
$1 - $9 these variables are the positional parameters.
$0 the name of the command currently being executed.
$argv[20] refers to the 20th command line argument
$# the number of positional arguments given to this
invocation of the shell.
$? the exit status of the last command executed is
given as a decimal string. When a command completes
successfully, it returns the exit status
of 0 (zero), otherwise it returns a non-zero exit
status.
$$ the process number of this shell - useful for
including in filenames, to make them unique.
$! the process id of the last command run in
the background.
$- the current options supplied to this invocation
of the shell.
$* a string containing all the arguments to the shell, starting at $1.
$@ same as above, except when quoted:
"$*" expanded into ONE long element : "$1 $2 $3"
"$@" expanded into THREE elements : "$1" "$2" "$3"
shift : $2 -> $1 ...)
The special chars of the Korn shell are :
$ \ # ? [ ] * + & | ( ) ; ` " '
- A pair of simple quotes '...' turns off the significance of ALL enclosed chars
- A pair of double quotes "..." : idem except for $ ` " \
- A '\' shuts off the special meaning of the char immediately to its right.
Thus, \$ is equivalent to '$'.
- In a script shell :
# : all text that follow it up the newline is a comment
\ : if it is the last char on a line, signals a continuation line
qui suit est la continuation de celle-ci
$var signifies the value of var
or nothing,
if var is undefined.
${var}
same as above except the braces enclose
the name
of the variable to be substituted.
+-------------------+---------------------------+-------------------+
| Operation | if str is unset or null | else |
+-------------------+---------------------------+-------------------+
| var=${str:-expr} | var= expr | var= ${string} |
| var=${str:=expr} | str= expr ; var= expr | var= ${string} |
| var=${str:+expr} | var becomes null | var= expr |
| var=${str:?expr} | expr is printed on stderr | var= ${string} |
+-------------------+---------------------------+-------------------+
if test
then
commands (if condition is true)
else
commands (if condition is false)
fi
if ...
then ...
else if ...
...
fi
fi
((number1 == number2))
((number1 != number2))
((number1 number2))
((number1 > number2))
((number1 = number2))
((number1 >= number2))
Warning : 5 different possible syntaxes (not absolutely identical) :
if ((x == y))
if test $x -eq $y
if let "$x == $y"
if [ $x -eq $y ]
if [[ $x -eq $y ]]
[[string = pattern]]
[[string != pattern]]
[[string1 string2]]
[[string1 > string2]]
[[ -z string]] true if length is zero
[[ -n string]] true if length is not zero
Warning : 3 different possible syntaxes :
if [[ $str1 = $str2 ]]
if [ "$str1" = "$str2" ]
if test "$str1" = "$str2"
examples :
[[ -f $myfile ]] # is $myfile a regular file?
[[ -x /usr/users/judyt ]] # is this file executable?
+---------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Test | Returns true if object... |
+---------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| -a object | exist; any type of object |
| -f object | is a regular file or a symbolic link |
| -d object | is a directory |
| -c object | is a character special file |
| -b object | is a block special file |
| -p object | is a named pipe |
| -S object | is a socket |
| -L object | is a symbolic (soft) link with another object |
| -k object | object's "sticky bit" is set |
| -s object | object isn't empty |
| -r object | I may read this object |
| -w object | I may write to (modify) this object |
| -x object | object is an executable file |
| | or a directory I can search |
| -O object | I ownn this object |
| -G object | the group to which I belong owns object |
| -u object | object's set-user-id bit is set |
| -g object | object's set-group-id bit is set |
| obj1 -nt obj2 | obj1 is newer than obj2 |
| obj1 -ot obj2 | obj1 is older than obj2 |
| obj1 -ef obj2 | obj1 is another name for obj2 (equivalent) |
+---------------+---------------------------------------------------+
cmd1 && cmd2
cmd1 || cmd2
cmd1 || cmd2 && cmd3
+-----------+-----------+-------------------------+ | operator | operation | example | +-----------+-----------+-------------------------+ | + | add. | ((y = 7 + 10)) | | - | sub. | ((y = 7 - 10)) | | * | mult. | ((y = 7 * 4)) | | / | div. | ((y = 37 / 5)) | | % | modulo | ((y = 37 + 5)) | | << | shift | ((y = 2#1011 << 2)) | | >> | shift | ((y = 2#1011 >> 2)) | | & | AND | ((y = 2#1011 & 2#1100)) | | ^ | excl OR | ((y = 2#1011 ^ 2#1100)) | | | | OR | ((y = 2#1011 | 2#1100)) | +-----------+-----------+-------------------------+
goto my_label
......
my_label:
-----
case value in
pattern1) command1 ; ... ; commandN;;
pattern2) command1 ; ... ; commandN;;
........
patternN) command1 ; ... ; commandN;;
esac
where : value value of a variable
pattern any constant,pattern or group of pattern
command name of any program,shell script or ksh statement
example 1 :
case $advice in
[Yy][Ee][Ss]) print "A yes answer";;
[Mm]*) print "M followed by anything";;
+([0-9)) print "Any integer...";;
"oui" | "bof") print "one or the other";;
*) print "Default";;
example 2 : Creating nice menus
PS3="Enter your choice :"
select menu_list in English francais
do
case $menu_list in
English) print "Thank you";;
francais) print "Merci";;
*) print "???"; break;;
esac
done
-----
while( logical expression)
do
....
done
while : # infinite loop
....
done
while read line # read until an EOF (or <crtl_d> )
do
....
done fname # redirect input within this while loop
until( logical expression)
do
....
done <fin >fout # redirect both input and output
-----
for name in 1 2 3 4 # a list of elements
do
....
done
for obj in * # list of every object in the current directory
do
....
done
for obj in * */* # $PWD and the next level below it contain
do
....
done
-----
break; # to leave a loop (while, until, for)
continue; # to skip part of one loop iteration
# nested loops are allowed in ksh
----
select ident in Un Deux # a list of identifiers
do
case $ident in
Un) .......;;
Deux) ..... ;;
*) print " Defaut" ;;
esac
done
> ksh -x script_name
ou, dans un 'shell script' :
set -x # start debug mode
set +x # stop debug mode
#!/bin/ksh
USAGE="usage : fmr [dir_name]" # how to invoke this script
print "
+------------------------+
| Start fmr shell script |
+------------------------+
"
function fonc
{
echo "Loop over params, with shift function"
for i do
print "parameter $1" # print is equivalent to echo
shift
done # Beware that $# in now = 0 !!!
}
echo "Loop over all ($#) parameters : $*"
for i do
echo "parameter $i"
done
#----------------------
if (( $# > 0 )) # Is the first arg. a directory name ?
then
dir_name=$1
else
print -n "Directory name:"
read dir_name
fi
print "You specified the following directory; $dir_name"
if [[ ! -d $dir_name ]]
then
print "Sorry, but $dir_name isn't the name of a directory"
else
echo "-------- List of directory $dir_name -----------------"
ls -l $dir_name
echo "------------------------------------------------------"
fi
#----------------------
echo "switch on #params"
case $# in
0) echo "command with no parameter";;
1) echo "there is only one parameter : $1";;
2) echo "there are two parameters";;
[3,4]) echo "3 or 4 params";;
*) echo "more than 4 params";;
esac
#----------------------
fonc
echo "Parameters number (after function fonc) : $#"
#------- To read and execute a command
echo "==> Enter a name"
while read com
do
case $com in
tristram) echo "gerard";;
guglielmi) echo "laurent";;
dolbeau) echo "Jean";;
poutot) echo "Daniel ou Claude ?";;
lutz | frenkiel) echo "Pierre";;
brunet) echo "You lost !!!"; exit ;;
*) echo "Unknown guy !!! ( $com )"; break ;;
esac
echo "==> another name, please"
done
#------ The test function :
echo "Enter a file name"
read name
if [ -r $name ]
then echo "This file is readable"
fi
if [ -w $name ]
then echo "This file is writable"
fi
if [ -x $name ]
then echo "This file is executable"
fi
#------
echo "--------------- Menu select ----------"
PS3="Enter your choice: " select menu_list in English francais quit
do
case $menu_list in
English) print "Thank you";;
francais) print "Merci.";;
quit) break;;
*) print " ????";;
esac
done
print "So long!"
#!/bin/ksh
USAGE="usage: gopt.ksh [+-d] [ +-q]" # + and - switches
while getopts :dq arguments # note the leading colon
do
case $arguments in
d) compile=on;; # don't precede d with a minus sign
+d) compile=off;;
q) verbose=on;;
+q) verbose=off;;
\?) print "$OPTARG is not a valid option"
print "$USAGE";;
esac
done
print "compile=$compile - verbose=$verbose"
###############################################################
# This is a function named 'sqrt'
function sqrt # square the input argument
{
((s = $1 * $1 ))
}
# In fact, all KornShell variables are, by default, global
# (execpt when defined with typeset, integer or readonly)
# So, you don't have to use 'return $s'
###############################################################
# The shell script begins execution at the next line
print -n "Enter an integer : "
read an_integer
sqrt $an_integer
print "The square of $an_integer is $s"
#!/bin/ksh
############ Using exec to do I/O on multiple files ############
USAGE="usage : ex4.ksh file1 file2"
if (($# != 2)) # this script needs 2 arguments
then
print "$USAGE"
exit 1
fi
############ Both arguments must be readable regular files
if [[ (-f $1) && (-f $2) && (-r $1) && (-r $2) ]]
then
# use exec to open 4 files
exec 3 <$1 # open $1 for input
exec 4 <$2 # open $2 for input
exec 5> match # open file "match" for output
exec 6> nomatch # open file "nomatch" for output
else
# if user enters bad arguments
print "$ USAGE"
exit 2
fi
while read -u3 lineA # read a line on descriptor 3
do
read -u4 lineB # read a line on descriptor 4
if [ "$lineA" = "$lineB" ]
then # send matching line to one file
print -u5 "$lineA"
else # send nonmatching lines to another
print -u6 "$lineA; $lineB"
fi
done
print "Done, today : $(date)" # $(date) : output of 'date' command
date_var=$(date) # or put it in a variable
print " I said $date_var" # and print it...
############ String manipulation examples ##################
read str1?"Enter a string: "
print "\nYou said : $str1"
typeset -u str1 # Convert to uppercase
print "UPPERCASE: $str1"
typeset -l str1 # Convert to lowercase
print "lowercase: $str1"
typeset +l str1 # turn off lowercase attribute
read str2?"Enter another one: "
str="$str1 and $str2" #concatenate 2 strings
print "String concatenation : $str"
# use '#' to delete from left
# '##' to delete all
# '%' to delete all
# '%%' to delete from right
print "\nRemove the first 2 chars -- ${str#??}"
print "Remove up to (including) the first 'e' -- ${str#*e}"
print "Remove the first 2 words -- ${str#* * }"
print "\nRemove the last 2 chars -- ${str%??}"
print "Remove from last 'e' -- ${str%e*}"
print "Remove the last 2 tokens -- ${str% * *}"
print "length of the string= ${#str}"
########################
# Parsing strings into words :
typeset -l line # line will be stored in lowercase
read finp?"Pathname of the file to analyze: "
read fout?"Pathname of the file to store words: "
# Set IFS equal to newline, space, tab and common punctuation marks
IFS=" ,. ;!?"
while read line # read one line of text
do # then Parse it :
if [[ "$line" != "" ]] # ignore blank lines
then
set $line # parse the line into words
print "$*" # print each word on a separate line
fi
done < $finp > $fout # define the input & output paths
sort $fout | uniq | wc -l # UNIX utilities
adb absolute debugger adjust simple text formatter admin create and administer SCCS files ar maintain portable archives and libraries as assembler asa interpret ASA carriage control characters astrn translate assembly language at, batch execute commands at a later time atime time an assembly language instruction sequence atrans translate assembly language awk pattern - directed scanning and processing language banner make posters in large letters basename, dirname extract portions of path names bc arbitrary - precision arithmetic language bdftosnf BDF to SNF font compiler for X11 bdiff big diff bfs big file scanner bifchmod change mode of a BIF file bifchown, bifchgrp change file owner or group bifcp copy to or from BIF files biffind find files in a BIF system bifls list contents of BIF directories bifmkdir make a BIF directory bifrm, bifrmdir remove BIF files or directories bitmap, bmtoa bitmap editor and converter utilities bs a compiler/interpreter for modest - sized programs cal print calendar calendar reminder service cat concatenate, copy, and print files cb C program beautifier, formatter cc, c89 C compiler cd change working directory cdb, fdb, pdb C, C++, FORTRAN, Pascal symbolic debugger cdc change the delta commentary of an SCCS delta cflow generate C flow graph chacl add, modify, delete, copy, or summarize access con chatr change program's internal attributes checknr check nroff/troff files chfn change finger entry chmod change file mode chown, chgrp change file owner or group chsh change default login shell ci check in RCS revisions clear clear terminal screen cmp compare two files cnodes display information about specified cluster nodes co check out RCS revisions col filter reverse line - feeds and backspaces comb combine SCCS deltas comm select or reject lines common to two sorted files compact, uncompact compact and uncompact files cp copy files and directory subtrees cpio copy file archives in and out cpp the C language preprocessor crontab user crontab file crypt encode/decode files csh a shell (command interpreter) with C - like syntax csplit context split ct spawn getty to a remote terminal (call terminal) ctags create a tags file cu call another (UNIX) system; terminal emulator cut cut out (extract) selected fields of each line of a cxref generate C program cross - reference date print or set the date and time datebook calendar and reminder program for X11 dbmonth datebook monthly calendar formatter for postscript dbweek datebook weekly calendar formatter for postscript dc desk calculator dd convert, reblock, translate, and copy a (tape) file delta make a delta (change) to an SCCS file deroff remove nroff, tbl, and neqn constructs diff differential file and directory comparator diff3 3 - way differential file comparison diffmk mark differences between files dircmp directory comparison domainname set or display name of Network Information Ser - dos2ux, ux2dos convert ASCII file format doschmod change attributes of a DOS file doscp copy to or from DOS files dosdf report number of free disk clusters dosls, dosll list contents of DOS directories dosmkdir make a DOS directory dosrm, dosrmdir remove DOS files or directories du summarize disk usage echo echo (print) arguments ed, red text editor elm process mail through screen - oriented interface elmalias create and verify elm user and system aliases enable, disable enable/disable LP printers env set environment for command execution et Datebook weekly calendar formatter for laserjet ex, edit extended line - oriented text editor expand, unexpand expand tabs to spaces, and vice versa expr evaluate arguments as an expression expreserve preserve editor buffer factor, primes factor a number, generate large primes file determine file type find find files findmsg, dumpmsg create message catalog file for modification findstr find strings for inclusion in message catalogs finger user information lookup program fixman fix manual pages for faster viewing with fold fold long lines for finite width output device forder convert file data order from who is my mail from? ftio faster tape I/O ftp file transfer program gencat generate a formatted message catalog file get get a version of an SCCS file getaccess list access rights to getconf get system configuration values getcontext display current context getopt parse command options getprivgrp get special attributes for group gprof display call graph profile data grep, egrep, fgrep search a file for a pattern groups show group memberships gwindstop terminate the window helper facility help ask for help hostname set or print name of current host system hp handle special functions of HP2640 and HP2621 - series hpterm X window system Hewlett - Packard terminal emulator. hyphen find hyphenated words iconv code set conversion id print user and group IDs and names ident identify files in RCS ied input editor and command history for interactive progs imageview display TIFF file images on an X11 display intro introduction to command utilities and application iostat report I/O statistics ipcrm remove a message queue, semaphore set or shared ipcs report inter - process communication facilities status join relational database operator kermit kermit file transfer keysh context - sensitive softkey shell kill terminate a process ksh, rksh shell, the standard/restricted command program lastcomm show last commands executed in reverse order ld link editor leave remind you when you have to leave lex generate programs for lexical analysis of text lifcp copy to or from LIF files lifinit write LIF volume header on file lifls list contents of a LIF directory lifrename rename LIF files lifrm remove a LIF file line read one line from user input lint a C program checker/verifier ln link files and directories lock reserve a terminal logger make entries in the system log login sign on logname get login name lorder find ordering relation for an object library lp, cancel, lpalt send/cancel/alter requests to an LP line lpstat print LP status information ls, l, ll, lsf, lsr, lsxlist contents of directories lsacl list access control lists (ACLs) of files m4 macro processor mail, rmail send mail to users or read mail mailfrom summarize mail folders by subject and sender mailstats print mail traffic statistics mailx interactive message processing system make maintain, update, and regenerate groups of programs makekey generate encryption key man find manual information by keywords; print out a mediainit initialize disk or cartridge tape media merge three - way file merge mesg permit or deny messages to terminal mkdir make a directory mkfifo make FIFO (named pipe) special files mkfontdir create fonts.dir file from directory of font mkmf make a makefile mkstr extract error messages from C source into a file mktemp make a name for a temporary file mm, osdd print documents formatted with the mm macros more, page file perusal filter for crt viewing mt magnetic tape manipulating program mv move or rename files and directories mwm The Motif Window Manager. neqn format mathematical text for nroff netstat show network status newform change or reformat a text file newgrp log in to a new group newmail notify users of new mail in mailboxes news print news items nice run a command at low priority nl line numbering filter nljust justify lines, left or right, for printing nlsinfo display native language support information nm print name list of common object file nm print name list of common object file. nm print name list of object file nodename assign a network node name or determine current nohup run a command immune to hangups, logouts, and quits nroff format text nslookup query name servers interactively od, xd octal and hexadecimal dump on execute command on remote host with environment similar pack, pcat, unpack compress and expand files pam Personal Applications Manager, a visual shell passwd change login password paste merge same lines of several files or subsequent pathalias electronic address router pax portable archive exchange pcltrans translate a Starbase bitmap file into PCL raster pg file perusal filter for soft - copy terminals ppl point-to - point serial networking pplstat give status of each invocation of pr print files praliases print system - wide sendmail aliases prealloc preallocate disk storage printenv print out the environment printf format and print arguments prmail print out mail in the incoming mailbox file prof display profile data protogen ANSI C function prototype generator prs print and summarize an SCCS file ps, cps report process status ptx permuted index pwd working directory name pwget, grget get password and group information quota display disk usage and limits rcp remote file copy rcs change RCS file attributes rcsdiff compareRCS revisions rcsmerge merge RCS revisions readmail read mail from specified mailbox remsh execute from a remote shell resize reset shell parameters to reflect the current size rev reverse lines of a file rgb X Window System color database creator. rlog print log messages and other information on RCS files rlogin remote login rm remove files or directories rmdel remove a delta from an SCCS file rmdir remove directories rmnl remove extra new - line characters fromfile rpcgen an RPC protocol compiler rtprio execute process with real - time priority rup show host status of local machines (RPC version) ruptime show status of local machines rusers determine who is logged in on machines on local rwho show who is logged in on local machines sact print current SCCS file editing activity sar system activity reporter sb2xwd translate Starbase bitmap to xwd bitmap format sbvtrans translate a Starbase HPSBV archive to Personal sccsdiff compare two versions of an SCCS file screenpr capture the screen raster information and script make typescript of terminal session sdfchmod change mode of an SDF file sdfchown, sdfchgrp change owner or group of an SDF file sdfcp, sdfln, sdfmv copy, link, or move files to/from an sdffind find files in an SDF system sdfls, sdfll list contents of SDF directories sdfmkdir make an SDF directory sdfrm, sdfrmdir remove SDF files or directories sdiff side-by - side difference program sed stream text editor sh shell partially based on preliminary POSIX draft sh, rsh shell, the standard/restricted command programming shar make a shell archive package shl shell layer manager showcdf show the actual path name matched for a CDF size print section sizes of object files sleep suspend execution for an interval slp set printing options for a non - serial printer soelim eliminate .so's from nroff input softbench SoftBench Software Development Environment sort sort and/or merge files spell, hashmake spelling errors split split a file into pieces ssp remove multiple line - feeds from output stconv Utility to convert scalable type symbol set map stlicense server access control program for X stload Utility to load Scalable Type outlines stmkdirs Utility to build Scalable Type ``.dir'' and stmkfont Scalable Typeface font compiler to create X and strings find the printable strings in an object or other strip strip symbol and line number information from an stty set the options for a terminal port su become super - user or another user sum print checksum and block or byte count of tabs set tabs on a terminal tar tape file archiver tbl format tables for nroff tcio Command Set 80 CS/80 Cartridge Tape Utility tee pipe fitting telnet user interface to the TELNET protocol test condition evaluation command tftp trivial file transfer program time time a command timex time a command; report process data and system touch update access, modification, and/or change times of tput query terminfo database tr translate characters true, false return zero or one exit status respectively tset, reset terminal - dependent initialization tsort topological sort ttytype terminal identification program ul do underlining umask set file - creation mode mask umodem XMODEM - protocol file transfer program uname print name of current HP - UX version unget undo a previous get of an SCCS file unifdef remove preprocessor lines uniq report repeated lines in a file units conversion program uptime show how long system has been up users compact list of users who are on the system uucp, uulog, uuname UNIX system to UNIX system copy uuencode, uudecode encode/decode a binary file for uupath,mkuupath access and manage the pathalias database uustat uucp status inquiry and job control uuto, uupick public UNIX system to UNIX system file copy uux UNIX system to UNIX system command execution vacation return ``I am not here'' indication val validate SCCS file vc version control vi screen - oriented (visual) display editor vis, inv make unprintable characters in a file visible or vmstat report virtual memory statistics vt log in on another system over lan wait await completion of process wc word, line, and character count what get SCCS identification information which locate a program file including aliases and paths who who is on the system whoami print effective current user id write interactively write (talk) to another user x11start start the X11 window system xargs construct argument xcal display calendar in an X11 window xclock analog / digital clock for X xdb C, FORTRAN, Pascal, and C++ Symbolic Debugger xdialog display a message in an X11 Motif dialog window xfd font displayer for X xhost server access control program for X xhpcalc Hewlett - Packard type calculator emulator xinit X Window System initializer xinitcolormap initialize the X colormap xline an X11 based real - time system resource observation xload load average display for X xlsfonts server font list displayer for X xmodmap utility for modifying keymaps in X xpr print an X window dump xrdb X server resource database utility xrefresh refresh all or part of an X screen xseethru opens a transparent window into the image planes xset user preference utility for X xsetroot root window parameter setting utility for X xstr extract strings from C programs to implement shared xtbdftosnf BDF to SNF font compiler (HP 700/RX) xterm terminal emulator for X xthost server access control program for X xtmkfontdir create a fonts.dir file for a directory of xtshowsnf print contents of an SNF file (HP 700/RX) xtsnftosnf convert SNF file from one format to another (HP xwcreate create a new X window xwd dump an image of an X window xwd2sb translate xwd bitmap to Starbase bitmap format xwdestroy destroy one or more existing windows xwininfo window information utility for X xwud image displayer for X yacc yet another compiler - compiler yes be repetitively affirmative ypcat print all values in Network Information Service map ypmatch print values of selected keys in Network Information yppasswd change login password in Network Information System ypwhich list which host is Network InformationSystem
accept, reject allow/prevent LP requests acctcms command summary from per - process accounting acctcom search and print process accounting acctcon1, acctcon2 time accounting acctdisk, acctdusg overview of account acctmerg merge or add total accounting files acctprc1, acctprc2 process accounting arp address resolution display and control audevent change or display event or system call audit audisp display the audit information as requested by the audomon audit overflow monitor daemon audsys start or halt the auditing system and set or audusr select users to audit automount automatically mount NFS file systems backup backup or archive file system bdf report number of free disk blocks (Berkeley version) bifdf report number of free disk blocks biffsck Bell file system consistency check and interactive biffsdb Bell file system debugger bifmkfs construct a Bell file system boot bootstrap process bootpd Internet Boot Protocol server bootpquery send BOOTREQUEST to BOOTP server brc, bcheckrc, rc system initializa buildlang generate and display locale.def file captoinfo convert a termcap description into a terminfo catman create the cat files for the manual ccck HP Cluster configuration file checker chroot change root directory for a command clri clear inode clrsvc clear x25 switched virtual circuit cluster allocate resources for clustered operation config configure an HP - UX system convertfs convert a file system to allow long file names cpset install object files in binary directories cron clock daemon csp create cluster server processes devnm device name df report number of free disk blocks diskinfo describe characteristics of a disk device disksecn calculate default disk section sizes diskusg generate disk accounting data by user ID dmesg collect system diagnostic messages to form error log drm admin Data Replication Manager administrative tool dump, rdump incremental file system dump, local or across dumpfs dump file system information edquota edit user disk quotas eisa config EISA configuration tool envd system physical environment daemon fbackup selectively backup files fingerd remote user information server frecover selectively recover files freeze freeze sendmail configuration file on a cluster fsck file system consistency check and interactive repair fsclean determine shutdown status of specified file system fsdb file system debugger fsirand install random inode generation numbers ftpd DARPA Internet File Transfer Protocol server fuser, cfuser list process IDs of all processes that have fwtmp, wtmpfix manipulate connect accounting records gated gateway routing daemon getty set terminal type, modes, speed, and line discip. getx25 get x25 line glbd Global Location Broker Daemon grmd graphics resource manager daemon gwind graphics window daemon hosts to named Translate host table to name server file ifconfig configure network interface parameters inetd Internet services daemon init, telinit process control initialization insf install special files install install commands instl adm maintain network install message and default intro introduction to system maintenance commands and ioinit initialize I/O system ioscan scan I/O system isl initial system loader killall kill all active processes lanconfig configure network interface parameters lanscan display LAN device configuration and status last, lastb indicate last logins of users and ttys lb admin Location Broker administrative tool lb test test the Location Broker link, unlink exercise link and unlink system calls llbd Local Location Broker daemon lockd network lock daemon lpadmin configure the LP spooling system lpana print LP spooler performance analysis information lpsched, lpshut start/stop the LP request ls admin Display and edit the license server database ls rpt Report on license server events ls stat Display the status of the license server system ls targetid Prints information about the local NetLS tar ls tv Verify that Network License Servers are working lsdev list device drivers in the system lssf list a special file makecdf create context - dependent files makedbm make a Network Information System database mkboot, rmboot install, update, or remove boot programs mkdev make device files mkfs construct a file system mklost+found make a lost+found directory mklp configure the LP spooler subsystem mknod create special files mkpdf create a Product Description File from a prototype mkrs construct a recovery system mksf make a special file mount, umount mount and unmount file system mountd NFS mount request server mvdir move a directory named Internet domain name server ncheck generate path names from inode numbers netdistd network file distribution (update) server daemon netfmt format tracing and logging binary files. netlsd Starts the license server nettl control network tracing and logging nettlconf configure network tracing and logging command nettlgen generate network tracing and logging commands newfs construct a new file system nfsd, biod NFS daemons nfsstat Network File System statistics nrglbd Non - Replicatable Global Location Broker daemon opx25 execute HALGOL programs pcnfsd PC - NFS daemon pcserver Basic Serial and HP AdvanceLink server pdc processor - dependent code (firmware) pdfck compare Product Description File to File System pdfdiff compare two Product Description Files perf test the NCS RPC runtime library ping send ICMP ECHO REQUEST packets to network hosts portmap DARPA port to RPC program number mapper proxy manipulates the NS Probe proxy table pwck, grpck password/group file checkers quot summarize file system ownership quotacheck file system quota consistency checker quotaon, quotaoff turn file system quotas on and off rbootd remote boot server rcancel remove requests from a remote line printer spool reboot reboot the system recoversl check and recover damaged or missing shared regen regenerate (uxgen) an updated HP - UX system remshd remote shell server repquota summarize quotas for a file system restore, rrestore restore file system incrementally, local revck check internal revision numbers of HP - UX files rexd RPC - based remote execution server rexecd remote execution server ripquery query RIP gateways rlb remote loopback diagnostic rlbdaemon remote loopback diagnostic server rlogind remote login server rlp send LP line printer request to a remotesystem rlpdaemon remote spooling line printer daemon, message rlpstat print status of LP spooler requests on at remote rmfn remove HP - UX functionality (partitions and filesets) rmsf remove a special file rmt remote magnetic - tape protocol module route manually manipulate the routing tables rpcinfo report RPC information rquotad remote quota server rstatd kernel statistics server runacct run daily accounting rusersd network username server rwall write to all users over a network rwalld network rwall server rwhod system status server sa1, sa2, sadc system activity report package sam system administration manager savecore save a core dump of the operating system sdfdf report number of free SDF disk blocks sdffsck SDF file system consistency check, interactive sdffsdb examine/modify an SDF file system sdsadmin create and administer Software Disk Striping sendmail send mail over the internet setmnt establish mount table /etc/mnttab setprivgrp set special attributes for group showmount show all remote mounts shutdown terminate all processing sig named send signals to the domain name server snmpd daemon that responds to SNMP requests spray spray packets sprayd spray server statd network status monitor stcode translate hexadecimal status code value to textual subnetconfig configure subnet behavior swapinfo system swap space information swapon enable additional device or file system for paging sync synchronize file systems syncer periodically sync for file systemintegrity sysdiag online diagnostic system interface syslogd log systems messages sysrm remove optional HP - UX products (filesets) telnetd TELNET protocol server tftpd trivial file transfer protocol server tic terminfo compiler tunefs tune up an existing file system untic terminfo de - compiler update, updist update or install HP - UX files (software uucheck check the uucp directories and permissions file uucico transfer files for the uucp system uuclean uucp spool directory clean - up uucleanup uucp spool directory clean - up uugetty set terminal type, modes, speed and line discip. uuid gen UUID generating program uuls list spooled uucp transactions grouped by transaction uusched schedule uucp transport files uusnap show snapshot of the UUCP system uusnaps sort and embellish uusnap output uusub monitor uucp network uuxqt execute remote uucp or uux command requests uxgen generate an HP - UX system vhe altlog login when Virtual Home Environment (VHE) home vhe mounter start the Virtual Home Environment (VHE) vhe u mnt perform Network File System (NFS) mount to vipw edit the password file vtdaemon respond to vt requests wall, cwall write to all users whodo which users are doing what xdm X Display Manager xtptyd X terminal pty daemon program ypinit build and install Network Information Service data ypmake create or rebuild Network Information Service data yppasswdd daemon for modifying Network Information Service yppoll query NIS server for information about NIS map yppush force propagation of Network Information Service ypserv, ypbind Network Information Service server and ypset bind to particular Network Information Service